Does the SD Card have a physical switch to lock it to read only mode?
Otherwise, you need to erase the whole physical drive by using the directions in the following Apple article:
Erase and reformat a storage device in Disk Utility on Mac - Apple Support
How do you use this SD Card?
Do you use it with any other devices? If so, which ones.
What is the exact make & model of this SD card and the current partition type & file system used on it?
What is the exact model of your Mac and version of macOS being used? You can get this information by clicking the Apple menu and selecting "About This Mac".
Edit: Thinking about it a bit more, I think you should run the third party app EtreCheck and post the complete report here so we can examine it for possible clues.
How to use the Add Text Feature When Posting an EtreCheck Report - Apple Community
Are you using an admin account when attempting to erase the SD Card? Make sure to confirm it is still an admin user account by checking the "Users & Groups" System Settings.