Macbook Pro USB Problem

Personally I would retire this laptop and purchase a new one. A 2017 laptop is now "Vintage" so repairs are only available as long as the necessary part(s) are still available. However, I don't recommend spending any money on repairs to any 2016-2020 Intel Mac with USB-C ports for multiple reasons. The 2017 model had a lot of design & manufacturing issues. The money spent on repairs is better put towards a new laptop in my opinion. The M-series Macs are a huge improvement over the 2016-2020 Intel Macs with USB-C ports.

One of the problems is a relatively unknown design flaw of the USB-C ports on the 2016 & 2017 models. Part of the port has small protrusions to help hold the USB-C connector snug, but these protrusions are only made from the "soft" fiberglass board material so those protrusions wear down very quickly when devices are connected & disconnected. Apple actually addressed this issue with the 2018+ models by lining the edges of those boards with metal to keep them from wearing down.

The need to connect the power adapter even with a sufficiently charged battery can even occur with a brand new Apple battery has been installed through an official Apple repair. I suspect a hardware/firmware/design issue with the Logic Boards on those 2016-2020 Intel Macs. FYI, ignore the battery charge level shown on the login/lock screen since it is usually displaying incorrect information (I think macOS 14.x Sonoma may have improved the login/lock screen battery accuracy, but I think it still reports incorrectly at times). Only trust the battery charge level shown once fully logged into macOS.

Keep in mind I just mentioned the two issues which may relate to what you are experiencing that are not widely known....there are several better known issues that have been reported on Mac fan sites which Apple at one time provided free repair programs (now expired).

Even some of the M-series Macs have their own issues, but they have some nice improvements as well....especially their performance, battery run time, heat, and keyboard feel.

Two things you can do before taking it in:

—Run Apple Diagnostics: Use Apple Diagnostics to test your Mac - Apple Support. It will check a number of things, and it's already installed on your computer. Near the end of that article is a link to another that translates any codes that AD may report.

—Reset the System Management Controller: Reset the SMC of your Mac - Apple Support. Note the there are different reset instructions based on model. Your 2017 Macbook Pro uses the "If you don't have a Mac with Apple silicon or the T2 chip" set.

"Macbook Pro USB Problem: I have a 2017 Macbook Pro 15", Ventura 13.7.1 After it's been asleep and plugged in, it does not come back on when I touch a key or the touchpad. [...]Recently, I had two external drives and the power cord plugged in [...]The USB ports have always been troublesome - I often get "disk not ejected properly" when an external drive is plugged in and I haven't touched it and the computer has not been moved in any way.[...]"

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USB Issues:

Two Things to Try:

A. Boot into Safe Mode:

Go here: Start up your Mac in safe mode - Apple Support. While in Safe Mode, caches are trashed, and all items are set to how they should be, in preparation for the next time you boot up normally.

B. Single-Out this User:

Have another user on your Mac? What happens when you login with a different user? Any success? If not, then it is likely an issue with the configurations of the current user. If so, then it is an issue with the entire macOS: Go here: Add a User or Group on Mac - Apple Support