Macbook pro 13 2017 USB/Thunderport ports charge but do not transmit

If the USB-C contacts are clean with no corrosion or burn marks, then the USB chip on the Logic Board must be damaged. You can try rotating the USB-C cable 180º upside down to see if that makes any difference just in case the port is half bad.

Charging & data transfers are different. One may "work" while the other may not.

IIRC, the Logic Board must be removed in order to change the battery. I do know that is the only way to be 100% certain the contacts on both USB-C ports are good & clean. It is very easy to accidentally damage something on the MLB when removing or reinstalling it. I also know those USB-C ports have likely worn down and likely don't hold the USB-C cables securely anymore which may also play a part....this is one of those little known issues (another is the SSD has an extremely high rate of failure, so I hope you have frequent & regular backups).

HWTech previously reported that the USB-C ports on 2016 and 2017 models were not as robust as they should have been:

Defective USB C Ports on MacBook Pros - Apple Community

one user pointed out a hack they tried (at their own risk, or course) of gently squeezing an important USB-C cable-end with pliers, described here:

Loose USB-C ports on MacBook Pro 2016 (US… - Apple Community

lollomac wrote:

But the guy who replaced the battery told me that no other cables are touched...so I believed him (unfortunately there is no Authorized Apple Service Center near me; while his lab is well none and has a good reputation).

That is the best option. I doubt there is anything he can do unless he does board level repairs.

An AASP wouldn't be any help as they would likely want to replace the Logic Board, or perhaps even refuse to touch the laptop due to the third party battery.

Personally I don't think it is worth spending any money to repair any of the 2016-2020 Intel Macs with USB-C ports for multiple reasons. A battery replacement is one of those borderline repairs that may sometimes make sense. Just be careful on how much you spend to deal with this issue.

Please let us know what happens. And good luck.