This just happened to me too and there are simply too many posts to wade through in my current state of mind...
HOWEVER....if you have a MacBook, you may be able to retrieve your calendar that way.
When I tried pulling info up on my phone, I changed from "All Events" to a month back....and that was all I got...the month back. None of the upcoming stuff.
I NEVER use the calendar on my MacBook, just my iPhone, but the info was all there in my iCloud on my laptop!
On my MacBook, I went to iCloud and hit the Backups button. My calendar backup was actually turned off, so I hit the toggle just to see what happened.
When I went back to the MacBook calendar, it was all there!! Woohoo! The days I need to take my sister to chemo, upcoming appts of my own, etc. And past info was there as well.
The problem now is that when I try to add those events back into my phone, they show up in the laptop calendar again...so the laptop calendar show duplicates.
I tried to export it to my iPhone and it prompted me to save it as "Siri Suggestions" on my MacBook desktop. I assume it came up as that because I enter 90% of my calendar events in via Siri.
I tried adding the Siri Suggestions calendar on my iPhone settings, but it didn't help.
I screenshotted the upcoming 3-4 months of events on my MacBook in case this happens again... what a huge pain.
On top of everything, I've also found that my iPhone locked me out of my main Gmail account (in the Apple Mail app) and wouldn't let me back in. I deleted the account, thinking I'd reenter it...and now not only does it loop me in authentication screens for 20 minutes, it's now also deleted the inbox to my other Gmail account, that was still on the phone.
HUGE HUGE HUGE failure APPLE!!!