Clicked on a link in a phishing/spam email

Yesterday while trying to clear out my junk mail, I found a bunch of repeated spam emails about my iCloud Storage being full. I knew immediately the email was fake as I'd upgraded only a few months ago and the emails were poorly written, but in trying to report them I accidentally opened and clicked a link in one of the emails because my phone is incredibly slow. I tried to close the webpage as quickly as I could but the only pop up I saw before doing so was a blank screen that said 'It worked!'. I panicked, closed the tab and restarted my phone straight away.

After some google searches, a few discussions online seemed to suggest it should be fine as long as I couldn't see anything new in my downloads folder or any new accounts on my phone, neither of which I could find, and also suggested restarting the phone, which I had done. It also said relatively new phones/phones on the newest iOS should be safe, and though I updated it within the last month I'm running an iPhone 11 so I don't know if that changes anything. I hoped all would be fine until today, while using my phone I encountered a sudden random popup asking me to input my phone's passcode for 'iCloud storage'. What is my next move to secure my data/check for any malware on my phone?!