I understand your ask, but am also cognizant of the statement that you are '... relatively new to Numbers', and I suspect you're thinking of how you'd do something in Excel. Numbers is a spreadsheet, yes, but it's not an Excel clone and some things just work differently.
As such, it may be worth spending a little time thinking about how to approach the problem in Numbers-speak, rather than trying to emulate Excel.
For example, you specifically call out wanting to add a '2024' column to a set of rows. That makes sense, but what happens to the rows that you don't insert this column into? You now have a disconnect - you have a column (presumably that you'd header '2024', but you have some rows that have data in them, and others that don't... and what was in the 2025 column in that row no longer applies - either that was 2025-related data (in which case it should move), or it's now become 2024 data by default (because you changed this column to be 2024 instead of 2025).
Without seeing your sample, I suspect this is because you're using Excel as some kind of form editor and you have a number of 'fixed' elements, separate from the variable data, and you rely on Excel's ability to shift selective chunks of data around to maintain sanity. This is an artifact of Excel's monolithic approach (one massive spreadsheet with all your data).
Numbers, on the other hand, takes a table-centric approach, and all rows in a given table are considered equal. If you have different data (e.g. fixed data vs. variable), then Numbers expects you to put these in different tables. That way your fixed data remains fixed, and your variable data can expand (in any direction) - like adding a 2024 column to the data table, leaving the headers table untouched.
You can then either use summary tables to combine the data in the way you want, or you can creatively position the fixed and variable tables on the page for the desired visual effect.
If you want examples of this in practice, check the Invoice template, which uses a variable table surrounded by static text items for the header, or the Return on Investment example, which uses multiple tables for Present Value, Costs, and Net Value, plus a Summary table, and Discount rate... each of the tables are distinct and can be edited (rows/columns added/deleted) without affecting the other tables. Here, each red box indicates a discrete table on the sheet:

While you can see the lower three tables have the same number of rows and columns, the Summary table only has three columns, and the Discount Rate table only has 1. Additional columns (or 'years') can be added to the Present Value, Costs , and Net Value tables, without affecting the Summary or Discount tables.