From my observation, it's this:
"Fans (GPU and/or CPU) - not spinning up quickly enough, or not spinning enough, period."
I've done some experimenting with CineBench, and I can make my MBP 15" Core i7 2.2GHz to freeze sometimes when I run the CPU test if started while the CPU was mostly idle.
In that scenario, the CPU temp go up to 95-100°C very fast, in a matter of 10-15 seconds max, and the fan start to get fast only in about 30 secs. Admittedly, this is a very special case, the CPU going from maybe 1-3% to 100% in an instant is not that much common.
Also the freeze doesn't occur systematically, sometime, this scenario go just fine, it may just be a matter of 1-2 secs whether the fast did kick off soon enough to cool the CPU soon enough.
On the contrary, if the CPU was already quite on load, and so the fan at middle speed, the CineBench test can be run and run again and again, without any issue and the CPU temp don't go any further than 90-95°C at worse.
So clearly it's a matter of fan control settings, that Apple should revise to be able to handle sudden full load from 1-3% to 100% and avoid freeze on that case.