Hi,
I also have this problem since some time now, i.e. sync between iCloud and iPhone or iPad works just fine, only with the Mac (latest version of OS X) does not work.
I called Apple Support and we tried everything together (the usual steps of removing directories, turn off/on iCloud on my Mac, etc). I also connected the Mac through my iPhone's Personal Hotspot (in case there was a issue with my internet provider) and created a fresh OS X on a separate partition (in case there was something setup wrong in my system). But nothing solved the issue.
If I check my console's ubiquity.log, I can see always the following lines when Pages or Numbers is trying to upload a file:
[ERROR] b4220ba036c0 [13/03/13 10:21:43.285] {5F266FCE} 292.fsevents track_file_change:62 0 - 127483 would make used quota negative
[ERROR] b4220ba0b270 [13/03/13 10:21:43.285] {5F266FCE} 292.fsevents track_file_change:82 0 - 127483 would make total quota negative
Does anyone know what this is about?