No solution yet; knowing what doesn't work is the first step -
Platforms: iPhone 4s iOS 5.0.1 (jailbroken), mac OSX10.7.3, iTunes 10.6.
1. Forced uninstall of iTunes 10.6 (because Lion won't let it go)
2. Removed apple mobile device services (including theframeworks and .kext).
3. Reinstalled iTunes 10.6
Problem persists. When iPhone is plugged into computer, the following popup "The iPhone '<insert name>' could not be synced because the sync session could not be started." 0xE80007F pops up 2-3 times per week when phone is plugged in. Booted from a fresh Lion install on external drive, and itunes could recognize the iphone over cable connection.
The frameworks and .kext files have been re-installed with the new iTunes installation. These are the drivers for the UNIX platform OSX is built on. I thought this might enable the mac to 'see' my phone and start the sync session over a wired cable. Mad bummer.
iPhone is able to wirelessly sync (plugged in or not), so I'm not totally SOL like most in this thread seem to be (no sync at all). Could a few brave souls venture into terminal to try this on their respective systems? A solution looks to be unreachable from the apple folks. Their 'genius' in-store support could only come up a full Lion re-install. Maybe a developer or knowledgable CS folks could dig us out of this hole.