Sure,
first of all make sure that you have closed the Notes applications.
Then, in case your user has no administrator privileges, log in as administrator (or another user with the required privileges).
You will then need to start the application "console". You can search for it using spotlight or open it directly from within the utilities folder (under Programs). In the console app search for the keyword "Notes" (cmd-f or click in the search field) and scroll to the last entry.
When you look at the detailed error description you will find something like this:
mdworker(5451) deny file-write-owner /Users/user.name/Library/Containers/com.apple.Notes/Data/Library/Notes/NotesV1.storedata-shm (import fstype:hfs fsflag:480D000 flags:240000005F diag:0 uti:com.apple.notes.externalrecord plugin:/Library/Spotlight/Notes.mdimporter - find suspect file using: sudo mdutil -t 12908949) Process: mdworker [5451] Path: /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/Metadata.framework/Versions/A/Support/mdworker Load Address: 0x10325d000 Identifier: mdworker Version: ??? (???) Code Type: x86_64 (Native) Parent Process: launchd [300] Date/Time: 2012-08-10 11:07:41.501 +0200 OS Version: Mac OS X 10.8 (12A269) Report Version: 8
The important part is highlighted in the above log entry. Still as administrator, open up the terminal application (search for it using spotlight "Terminal" or look in the utilities folder) and execute the command. You may have to enter your admin password again.
The command will return a filename with the fully qualified path. On my mac I could resolve the issue with Notes by deleting the file (from terminal type in "rm" followed by the filename).
Hope this helps,
equi