My husband's iPad just had a similar issue. Some, though not all, events had vanished from the calendar, though they were still there in the Calendar app on his iPhone, and on my phone and MacBook. A few had stuck around, mostly "repeating" events, but there were huge numbers of events just gone. Some originating from my calendars, some from his (we each have a Home and a Work calendar in iCloud, and we share these with each other), some that had recently been edited, others with no changes since they had been posted. No obvious smoking gun.
Anyhow, Apple Support had me sign in to his iCloud account on my MacBook to confirm that all the events were there, which they were, and having established that he had me go to Settings > iCloud > and toggle off the Calendars switch and then turn it back on. The first time I did this, I selected the option to "keep" the events that remained on the iPad, but that resulted in all of those being duplicated, so I repeated the procedure, choosing the option to Delete everything upon turning off Calendars (big breath before I did that!), and then turned it back on, re-opened the Calendar, and watched all the events repopulate. Hooray! Happy dance!