+1 Minticon is right. After 3 days of research i'm absoluty sure it's an EFI problem.
So the solution for my 13 inch i7 early 2011 MacBook Pro 8,1 was:
1: Make a partition for Windows
2: download and install gptsync to check if your GPT and MBR are the same, in most cases they are not, resulting in an error message when you try to install Windows, i'll elaborate on that later* download gptsync from here: http://www.insanelymac.com/forum/topic/177505-enhanced-gptsync-tool/ use the 0.3 version
3: in terminal let gptsync check your GPT and MBR and let it sync them.
I couldn't do this under El Capitan had to use 10.9.5 to be able to do it. Maybe Yosemite works, Mavericks did
4: I had to install Windows from DVD on my MBP 8,1 in order to get the legacy MBR option holding down ALT on startup
you can choose between Windows and EFI-boot, Use Windows or you'r screwed like Minticon said.
5:* when you install Windows 10 (or 8.1) ... and you get the error message. Can't install on a GPT disk or something similar, your MBR and GPT are not synced. Only after syncing with gptsync I was able to use the legacy mode.
remark: I started using a tweaked bootcamp assistent to be able to boot from a USB stick, on my MBP 8,1 that was a dead end because using USB I was not able to boot into legacy mode that way USB only offered EFI-Boot
Somehow using (virtual/synced) MBR is the only way to prevent the notorious Code 10 Can't start audio device blablabla) from showing up.
Using MBR my HD audio installed correctly as: Cirrus Logic 4206B AB28 on teardown pictures from macfixit I saw my MBP had the 4206B CNZ chip, that was not enough info to help me out. Minticons info finally brought me on the right track.
hope this helps, w10 works perfect now.