Here's my voodoo. In the absence of any useful advice from Apple, everyone seems to have their own recipe to deal with this, but nothing works consistently because it's simply guesswork.
iphone5s with ios 7.0.5 (11B601), itunes 11.1.4 (62) on MacBook Pro 13" (2.3 GHz i5, 4GB 1333 DDR3, 320GB disk with 68 GB free) running Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5 (11G63b). Has never synced media (Music, Podcasts, itunesU, etc) successfully since iphone5s purchased in early Jan.
Initially setup iphone5s by restoring from backup of previous iphone (4). Around half the music loaded, in alphabetical order (i.e. artists from A to M). No amount of changing selections would get it to load the other half. So tried resetting to factory settings and setting phone up as new phone, i.e. not restoring from any backup. Media then wouldn't sync at all, whatever options (playlists, artists, etc) were selected. Tried turning itunes Match off and on, and tried changing iCloud settings. Only minor progress was could download versions of what itunes thought I had (it being a bit rubbish at reading ID3 tags sometimes) from the cloud, which ended up with increasing numbers of duplications and versions of tracks I didn't want (or even completely wrong tracks), as syncing between iphone and itunes led to itunes thinking I'd got two versions of tracks. Increasingly unwealdy, so reset completely again.
Latest effort is to delete all backups in itunes, unmount and restart the phone, change the phone's name, restart itunes, plug the phone back in and hope that itunes thinks it's a new phone. I hadn't de-selected some of the playlists that I wanted to sync, to first sync failed to add any tracks again. However, unticking all playlists, artists, etc, syncing, then ticking a playlist and syncing again led to the phone finally syncing the selected track. And not only that - the podcasts, itunesU content etc that wouldn't sync, also synced with it, even though I hadn't changed anything on their tabs. Thinking it was now working, I selected the other playlists (around 8 of them containing around 1,000 songs) to sync, which duly failed. So I unselected all except the original playlist that had succeeded and synced again, to take it back to just the one synced playlist. I then selected one more playlist to sync (with around 120 tracks), and that worked. I am now going to try selecting them one by one, in case itunes/iphone5s is so useless that it can't cope with syncing more than one playlist or more than a few dozen tracks at one time.
You can tell Steve Jobs is dead. The number of people having this problem says Apple have a significant quality control problem with their latest software, which wouldn't have got past Jobs. Short-selling or spreadbetting against Apple looks like a good way to make money from hereon in. If they can't make their devices talk to each other efficiently, they have destroyed half the reason that people pay over the odds for Apple products. Looks like a death spiral unless they get a new boss.