I have been having this exact same issue for about two years on random occasions with the same external drive. I can't say which OS it started with because it was rare and random, but definitely since Snow Leopard on my MacBook Pro, early 2008 model. But in the last year, and especially since upgrading to Mavericks, it has been a serious problem. I have an NTFS partition on it and an OS X partition on it. Back when I used to have the partition journaled, after about a few weeks of it ejecting the drive on its own, the partition would fail to mount. NOTHING I could do in OS X would repair it or allow me access to my data. Ironically, I could download MacDrive for Windows, boot to Windows and repair it in MacDrive and boot back to OS X and it would mount and read again just fine. That's a very very sad commentary for Apple.
Since then, it's failed a few times where I couldn't mount or repair it, but I was able to mount it on a Linux machine just fine and copy all my data off from it then reformat it and it's been just fine. I never get errors, I can run various diskchecks utilities on it that find absolutely no problems with the drive, but after repeated unmounts because my computer went to sleep, it ultimately will cause it to get an error that forces me to hook the drive up to Windows or Linux to save the data. I can have Windows or Linux on the very same machine and the drive reads just fine, so it's not the drive or the controller. It's this repeated forced dismount causing some type of corruption that eventually OS X just won't handle. But there is NO reason that OS X Disk Utility shouldn't repair it if I can fix it with WINDOWS!!! There's no reason that command line repairs won't fix it either if I can fix it with Linux since OS X is Unix. It's very frustrating.
But I have found that keeping the drive unjournaled and DEFINITELY not case-sensitive will keep it from failing so much. It's ironic that unjournaled is better, since the whole point of journaled is to give the system a second way to locate the files. But it just gives up if the journal gets corrupted. I absolutely love Apple and everything about my Mac, and most everything about OS X. But this thread alone is 8 pages long, and there is not a single response from Apple about this. I have found several other threads about this exact same problem, so it's not just random, and it's not just failing hardware. It is a problem with the OS. And I'm really bothered that they aren't addressing it, because I was lucky that I haven't lost data. I backup like crazy, but when Windows saves your Mac data because OS X can't, you know there's a serious problem.