I ran (unexpected, and ofcourse mid-tax season) into the same problem.
The P-215 always worked great under 10.8.x but now refuses to work in 10.9.x (when accessed through Twain etc in 3rd party applications like Adobe Acrobat X).
This is how I got it to work again ... note that updating the driver might not be needed, but I cannot confirm that.
Install latest driver
First thing I did (not sure if it's needed) is removing the p-215.ds file from "/Library/Image Capture/TWAIN Data Sources" and installed the "latest" driver (http://software.canon-europe.com/products/0011064.asp) for MacOS X 10.9.
Upgrade scanner Firmware
As this updating the driver didn't fix the problem, I upgraded the firmware as well.
Sadly, the update application runs only under Windows, so I had to either find a Windows computer or use Paralells Desktop or VMWare Fusion (I ended up using Parallels Desktop w/ Windows 8.1).
You can find the firmware on the Canon website, but strangely enough the European Canon website has more to offer: http://software.canon-europe.com/products/0011064.asp
After updating the firmware and exiting the virtual Windows machine, I did disconnect (USB and power) the scanner as suggested by the software and reconnected everything again.
After that the scanner worked again! 😎