Solution to getting Retina equivalent resolution from rMBP on Dell P2415Q: Use Hi-speed HDMI cable from HDMI output (not from Thunderbolt with Thunderbotl-HDMI adapter) on rMBP to Dell HDMI input.
This comment applies to a MBP Retina 15" (Mid 2012). Anything newer should be as good or better.
After connecting the P2415Q via the supplied MDP to DP cable, the best resolution I could get was 2560/1440, a 50% improvement over the 1080p I was getting with my old Dell monitor, but still not the resolution I thought I would get with the 2415Q, given the specs of both the rMBP and the Dell. I increased the sharpness on the monitor, which helped some, but not enough. I tried all sorts of resolution changes using SwitchResX, again no help, and the custom 2560/1600 i created wouldn't even display--gave me a blank screen on the Dell.
I tried a regular HDMI cable between the rMBP and the Dell and the best I could get that way was 1080p, no matter what.
I then plugged in a Hi-Speed HDMI cable using Thunderbolt Adapter-HDMI to the Dell--best I could get was 2560/1440 again.
Then I used the Hi-Speed HDMI cable from the HDMI output on the rMBP to the Dell HDMI input and there it was! Like looking at a 24" version of a rMBP, sharp and clear as can be.
The Dell reported the resolution as 2160P (3840x2160), which according to Wikipedia, "...is an alternative name for 4K UHD, a resolution supported by UHDTV products and which offers four times the definition of 1080p.[1] The number 2160 stands for a display resolutionwhich has 2160 pixels along the shortest side, while the letter p stands for progressive scan or non-interlaced. In a progressive image, the lines of resolution of the image go from the top of the screen to the bottom.[2]"
Wow! It is Retina quality on the Del, for real!
The only issues I've noticed are that every once in a while, and if you open the rMBP lid, "snow" may briefly appear on the screen, and also there are some Windows programs, like Quicken, on a Parallels VM that take a long time to display correctly.
You may have to unplug the Dell (not just turn it off) to get it to recognize the HDMI input the first time, and maybe also reboot the rMBP, but that's about it.