Although I said that I was giving up, I just can't seem to do that.... I have managed to get my Outlook 2016 Contacts and Calendars, as well as my Internet Explorer Favorites (Bookmarks) onto both my iPhone 6 and my iPad Mini 2, but neither iTunes or the iOS devices feel that the sync completed normally. Here's what I did (this is from memory, so I may not remember the exact names of all of the buttons and menus):
1. Open iTunes 12.3.1
2. Attach my iOS device to my Windows 10 Home 64-bit computer.
3. iTunes recognizes the device, so I click on its icon to enter the sync environment.
4. Go to the Help menu (Ctrl + B toggles its visibility) and choose Run Diagnostics.
5. Unselect the CD/DVD Test, and then run all of the diagnostics. They all report back "green good conditions".
6. Go to the left panel and click on Info.
7. Contacts and Calendars are set to sync with Outlook (which is version 2016 which I obtained from my Office 360 subscription). I also have Bookmarks set to sync with Internet Explorer (because I can't choose Edge). Below that, check the 3 boxes so that the Contacts, Calendars, and Bookmarks will overwrite what is on the device.
8. I go back to the Summary page, and click on Sync at the bottom of the window.
9. iTunes will backup the device, transfer some diagnostics info, and the show me "Preparing to Sync" and then maybe "Syncing Contacts" (if I'm really lucky). I let the spinning progress indicator spin for 15 minutes or so.
10. While the Sync is still running (but stuck), I go back up to the Help menu and choose to once again run the diagnostics (without the CD/DVD tests).
11. The diagnostics will again complete and everything is reported to be in "green good condition".
12. As soon as I close the diagnostic window, the top of the iTunes window changes the message from "Syncing Contacts" to "Waiting for changes to be applied".
13. I let the spinning progress indicator spin for another 15 minutes or so.
14. And yes, once again, hile the Sync is still running (but stuck), I go back up to the Help menu and choose to once again run the diagnostics (without the CD/DVD tests).
15. The diagnostics will again complete and everything is reported to be in "green good condition".
17. Going back into the Info window, the three boxes are no longer checked for overwriting the Calendar, Contacts, and Bookmarks on the device....
18. At this point, I just want this to all end, so I click on the spinning progress indicator and hope that it will change to the Eject icon (it did not for my iPhone 6, but it did for my iPad Mini 2.
19. Since the icon did change for my iPad, I clicked on it and then disconnected the USB cable. Since the icon just kept spinning for my iPhone, I had no other choice but to just disconnect the cable.
20. On the device, going into Settings -> General -> iTunes Wi-Fi Sync, the device does not indicate that it was just sync'ed. Checking the Contacts, Calendars, and Bookmarks clearly indicates that the data was indeed transferred to the iOS device, though.
21. On the device, going into Mail, Contacts, Calendars and under the Contacts section, the My Info field needs to be pointed to my contact info.