Old thread about an older version of iOS, but here is a reply I posted to a more recent thread (Re: iOS 10 keyboard sound volume) in case it might help some of you:
I have been experiencing this problem since installing iOS 10 i.e. old keyboard sound was previously audible, but new sound was very soft despite ‘increasing the volume’ (I’ll explain the inverted commas in a moment).
In my case, the issue was resolved by changing settings as follows:
1. Go to Settings > Sounds
2. (While you are here, double-check that ‘Keyboard Clicks’ is enabled down the bottom)
3. Under the ‘Ringer and Alerts’ slider at the top, enable ‘Change with Buttons’
Note that with ‘Change with Buttons’ enabled, the tip underneath says ‘The volume of the ringer and alerts can be adjusted using the volume buttons’, whereas when disabled, it would say ‘The volume of the ringer and alerts will not be affected by the volume buttons’.
This means that, when the setting is enabled, the volume buttons can be used to adjust two types of volumes (instead of just one) – one being ‘Sound Effects’ i.e. system sounds like the keyboard and lock sounds, and the other being ‘Volume’ e.g. music or podcasts.
The type of volume the buttons control at any time appears to be context-specific, and appears on the overlay when using the buttons. Taking the Music app as an example, using the volume buttons when nothing is playing will adjust ‘Sound Effects’, and using them when music is playing will adjust ‘Volume’ (of music).
In short, once you have changed the setting as outlined above, you should be able to increase the volume of the keyboard by simply pressing the home button and using the volume buttons (assuming there is no other sound or music playing at the same time). You could also use the volume buttons in the Settings screen, but it’s less clear, as this adjusts the ‘Ringer and Alerts’ slider rather than having the ‘Sound Effects’ volume overlay on screen.
Hope this helps.