Occuring both on my iPhone 7 Plus and iPad Air 2, both iOS 10.3 and 10.3.1
Restored my 7 Plus twice, once using iTunes and restored backup from PC (iOS 10.3), and once from iCloud (iOS 10.3.1). I deleted some apps that was not restored correctly from backup in the iCloud but it did not solve the problem.
Btw check this screenshot out, whenever I upgrade from 10.2 to 10.3 or 10.3 to 10.3.1, on my 7 Plus settings menu all apps installed disappeared below the Tencent Weibo. But all my apps are intact on the home page and I can still use them, until they become corrupted. Once the app becomes corrupted there is no way to restart the app UNLESS use you force reboot. Even deleting and reinstalling the app does NOT work.
I have more than 50 apps installed, but non of them show up on the settings menu.
I believe it's a RAM management problem, since this problem always occur when I am switching apps or when I restart the app after I force kill them. I assume APFS cannot clear the app from the RAM completely, leaving the app to be stuck in the RAM, corrupted. Then whenever you load the app from the RAM it loads the corrupted app, and thus rendering it to be useless. Reinstalling does not help since once the corrupted app is stuck within the RAM, it stays there until reboot. Assume you reinstall the app, once the app loads it will read from the corrupted RAM data again, thus unable to start the app.
Has yet to observe on my newly restored 7 Plus on 10.3.1.