How many others have reported that it was Home and Lock Screen?
For the record, "Home and Lock Screen" was listed as one of the bigger battery drainers for me. It's just that apps like Facebook, YouTube and Whatsapp (which I used fairly frequently) ranked higher, and that's what I focused on instead of the home screen. Other users might have faced the same situation and thus only highlighted other apps. Or they might not. It's just not a good enough "evidence" to conclude that it could never be the result of an iOS bug.
If it was an iOS update issue why doesn't it happen on every phone that was updated (about 200 million), or even a measurable percentage of those phones?
Even the most prominent "actual" iOS bug affected only 5% of all users. That's a pretty small percentage (although because so many people use the iPhone, the absolute number can be large). What if there's an iOS bug that affects 1% of all iPhones? Or 0.1%? Or 0.01%? It's not entirely impossible, especially since you're talking about an operating system with millions of lines of code. Even an app could have one line of code that affects 0.1% of users—what more an OS with millions of lines of code?
I think you should drop the fallacy that as long as an insignificant percentage of users report the bug, it could never be an iOS bug. Like others have mentioned, the beta testers reported battery problems. Also, according to the history of forum posts, it seems that every update introduces battery problems to a small subset of users. Does it mean that all those problems are actually not caused by an iOS bug? No. There really isn't any logic to that conclusion. Software companies often focus on the biggest bugs, and it is possible that Apple chose to let these small bugs slide and focus on bigger problems with the newest iOS.
Here's what I do know about my case. I had immense battery drainage after updating it to iOS 10.3. I tried many solutions, including installing my phone as a new phone, trying to re-calibrate the battery, deleting battery killing apps, etc. Apple Support couldn't think of any more solutions I could try. The Apple Authorised Service Provider couldn't think of any solutions that could solve my problem. Diagnostics show 100% perfect hardware. In the end, they decided a replacement unit was the best solution. I took the new unit, restored my backup (i.e., installed all the "battery killing" apps like Facebook and YouTube)—and boom, problem solved. No more battery draining issue. Could it be an iOS problem? I think it's highly likely. I can't prove it, but I think it's more likely to be an iOS issue than a usage, app, or hardware issue.
It's just really, really counter-productive (and even borderline nasty) to constantly delegitimise other users' battery problems with faulty iPhones.
Again, to iPhone users facing this problem: approach Apple Support to solve your problem. Be insistent on solving your problem—don't blindly accept that you have to turn your smartphone into a call-and-SMS-only dumb phone in order to get back to previous levels of battery life. It's likely that Apple Support will either solve your problem, or replace your phone for free (yes, even for phones that are no longer covered by the warranty).