Same here, after updating to iOS 11, and I have done a bit of troubleshooting myself, usually it is just random, when it happens -_-
• I have tried placing a call using the speakers and no luck, dead silence, the call however does go thru.
• I have tried placing a call with my bluetooth off, no luck
• I have tried placing a call using headphones, no luck with sound
• I have tried placing a call with my airpods, no luck
Have also tried restarting all my settings, and no luck, fixed other issues I have had with iOS 11, but this one just annoys me.