I am having this problem with my iPhone X as well.
I was out in the sunshine this week trying to read a book using the Amazon Kindle app and, while it was bright enough when I began reading, after five minutes or so the screen dimmed, and then it dimmed some more, and then it dimmed some more until I couldn't make out what was on the screen. It definitely did it in increments.
I don't think it has anything to do with the Waze app, (or whatever it's called), I've never heard of it or used it. For me it seems to happen with all apps, including Google Maps etc.
If I restart my iPhone in the usual way it always restarts with a brighter screen, but then begins dimming again.
I have an iPhone X running iOS 11.4. It is in a genuine Apple iPhone X Leather Case, which only covers the body and not the screen. In Settings>Display & Brightness I have True Tone switched on, but Night Shift switched off.
When this problem has occurred I have checked that setting, (with some difficulty because of the dark screen), and the slider has always been fully over to the right, (ie. Maximum brightness), and so it has been impossible to increase brightness.
When indoors, out of direct sunshine, the display behaves perfectly, brightening & dimming as required.
After scanning this thread I've switched off Face ID Attention-Aware features, but I've not used the phone in the sun since then, so I don't know if it has had any effect.