Thanks. When you first received your Mac, were you greeted with the "new user setup" procedure? That should have happened.
Nevertheless, it seems you need to create that environment so that it can be upgraded to High Sierra and generally configured for your own use. The ability to do that is incorporated in that MacBook Pro's firmware. It does not rely upon the replacement Crucial SSD, which needs to be erased and formatted as Mac OS Extended—not APFS—which won't work until you download and apply the High Sierra upgrade, and will perform that conversion automatically.
That short explanation describes the crux of your difficulties.
"Secure Erase" is not a low level format and it's not worth pursuing or discussing. All it does is to erase unused blocks, which literally cannot be performed on an SSD and should not even be attempted.
To erase and format the Crucial startup SSD, shut down your Mac in the usual manner. Then, boot macOS Internet Recovery by holding the following keys while you start your Mac: ⌘ option r (three fingers). With another finger press the power button as you would normally do to start a Mac. Keep those three fingers where they are until you see a "spinning globe" icon, after which you can release them. At the Mac OS Utilities window, choose Disk Utility. Choose the Crucial SSD device (not the volume beneath it) and erase it. You don't need any of its "Security Options" since the fastest method is all you need.
Then, you will be in position to reinstall that Mac's originally installed operating system (Lion, as you wrote), configure a basic User Account, and finally upgrade to High Sierra. A "progressive" upgrade as you described it is not required. Reinstalling its originally installed operating system and configuring the Mac as your own is required.
If you need more explicit instructions please write back.