Need Help Formatting a Corrupted MicroSD Card

What you've posted looks correct for erasing and recreating the volume on the SD card.

If you don't already.... First, acquire an external storage device; a USB disk or such. Probably two or three terabytes in capacity, maybe larger depending on the storage in your Mac, your budget, and how long you want to retain copies. With that storage attached, then get Time Machine going, or some other automated backup going. Why backups? This particularly since you're concerned about data loss. Look around the forums at the many folks that have lost some or all their most important data. Because they didn't have backups, or the backups weren't kept running.

Now.... Erasing the card doesn't much matter what format is chosen.

What does matter is the format that the camera expects. If that's ExFAT, then select and use that.

Using the Master Boot Record partitioning scheme would be typical for most FAT and ExFAT volumes on SD.

What's very important is which device selected for erasure, and you've selected the media in the SD reader.

Randromeda wrote:

As for backups, I've been more careful since my last accident, so all my files and documents are on a self-updating google drive account.

That’s not going to be easily restorable in the event of a corruption or storage hardware failure or other such.. But whatever works for you and your data...