Austin,
I thought Google services, including Google Maps are banned in China, aren't they?
Google said on Tuesday it has made “no changes” to its mapping platform in China, denying an earlier media report that claimed it was re-launching the function in China, where many of its services are blocked.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-china-maps/google-to-relaunch-map-serv ice-in-china-nikkei-idUSKBN1F42GD
"Neither Google Mail nor Google Maps work in China, so although you can download your maps before coming to the country, there’s no guarantee that your Google Maps will be current or even show the right directions, so be careful."
https://www.thechinaguide.com/preparation/maps-and-navigation
"The block is indiscriminate as all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and almost all other products
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China
That might explain why all your other GPS apps worked except Google Maps when in China.
As for the issues in other locations:
Are you sure you had a genuine A-GPS-based location, rather than a cellular/wifi-only based one?
When I had problems with iOS11, my first step was to use GPS Diagnostic. It is an app that is useful because it shows clearly when your phone has a genuine Assisted-GPS based location, or just one based on Cellular triangulation and Wifi signals. During my jog, I would keep checking GPS Diagnostic to see if it was the app (Motion X in my case) to blame, or if the culprit was the A-GPS system itself.
My solution was the following: (do so at your own risk as some sites advise against SIM replacement while phone is on)
remove the SIM while phone was left on
shut down phone (with SIM left out)
turn on phone (with SIM still out)
insert SIM once phone comes back on
This does not work for some, but it made a big improvement for me, and it worked for others in other GPS threads on this forum. I suspect there was an issue with how the phone registers with cell towers (i.e. the cellular aspect of Assisted-GPS), and resetting via this procedure may have fixed it.
Turning the compass setting to True North, which some recommend, may also have helped.
Just for good measure, I turn location settings off for as many apps as possible, I have none set to "Always" and shut down as many apps, especially other GPS apps, when using a particular GPS app. Also, I always stand stationary until I am sure I have an A-GPS-based location, before starting my jog.