Do you mean Keyboard panel : Text, and not Input Sources? The same text replacement items are present in Mojave if you did not perform a clean installation.
WIth the System Preferences : Keyboard : Text panel open, select the Edit menu : Emoji & Symbols (character palette) menu item. If the Digits - All category is not in its left column, then click the gear icon in the top left, and select Customize List… . Locate and select Digits - All.
When you click on Digits - All and scroll downwards, you will encounter preformed vulgar (e.g. 1/2) fractions, and separate superscript and subscript numbers for rolling your own fractions.
In the Keyboard : Text panel, choose a vulgar fraction for the Replace item, then tab over to the With column, and from the open Digits - All panel in Emoji & Symbols, double-click on the fraction, or fraction components in the center panel that you want inserted into the With field.

For those applications that have the Edit menu : Substitution : Text Replacement sub-menu, this must be enabled for your fractions to replace when you type 1/16 (as an example).