For me it only happens in Safari, and only about 75% of the time. Cut a little slack to people who are seeing slightly different symptoms, OK?
I have a further problem with Dictation, which, like the duplicating, has plagued me in El Capitan, Sierra, and now High Sierra: occasionally dictation will completely stop working. When I hit function twice, the microphone icon pops up but it never shows any of the sound activity—even in other apps—and I have to either reboot or log out of my user account and log back in to make it work again.
I think I've traced the problem to the folder ~/Library/Assistants, by searching for the most recently modified files after one of these dictation crashes. One of the pictured files is corrupting itself somehow. It will take further experimentation to figure out which one, but it still might take a reboot to re-enable dictation because it might have to reload whatever cache that is. Anyway, I figure there's a good chance the duplication problem is stemming from the same folder.
And that's not even mentioning the other dictation problem where it will keep changing what it just typed, and sometimes even remove entire sentences.