I've had the same issue. The problem is that since upgrading to Mac OS X Catalina, it's impossible to join third-party/captive wifi networks that need to bring up a new "pop-up" window after joining the network to complete their sign-on process. These pop-ups are common at places like Starbucks, hotels, airports, etc. You can appear to be connected to the wifi network but you're unable to do anything online without first accepting terms or clicking a "connect" option on the pop-up. After upgrading to Catalina, those critical pop-ups stopped appearing.
iOS devices don't seem to have that problem. Joining the same network from my iPhone X or iPad Pro brings up the expected pop-up and after accepting/continuing I can browse as normal.
The issue is unlikely to be a third-party extension blocking that connection, unless it's due to an update to be compatible with Catalina. I didn't have this problem at all until I upgraded to Catalina. I've had it every time I tried to join a "captive" network since, though.
I ran though every step in this article:
https://www.igeeksblog.com/how-to-fix-wi-fi-issues-on-mac/
I don't know which step might have cleared it up, but it seems to work better now. I was able to get onto the wifi at DFW, after futzing with all of those settings. Once I got to my hotel, though, I had to restart and turn the wifi back on to prompt the hotel's pop-up.
It's incredibly frustrating. It's clearly happening to many people.