I'm looking at the problem, and I have some questions. I must also say that taking a movie of the screen with an iPhone sounds very useful. Capturing the screen as a movie may not work because of timing issues.
Consider this as three phases: before scroll, during scroll, and after scroll.
- Before the scroll, do the thumbnails appear normal?
- While you are scrolling, do the images with the checkerboard distortion (alternating squares having a solid color) move with the window. The alternative is that thumbnails would switch between normal and checkerboard distortion as scrolling occurs.
- After scrolling, does the checkerboard distortion remain on the images. If you scroll slowly up and down, do the thumbnails remain unchanged.
Are you using the NVIDIA GeForce card or the Intel Iris Pro set. See https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202053 and https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201851 . Control of the GPU (graphic processing unit) is at the top of the Energy Saver pane of System Preferences. The NVIDIA card is much faster but may require that the laptop be connected to a power adapter. Make sure that you are using NVIDIA.
My thought is that the GPU is not fast enough to render the thumbnail while scrolling the screen. I have seen the "checkerboard" effect when an image is not correctly rendered. If the thumbnail does not return to correct scrolling when scrolling stops, it may be that the system does not realize that the thumbnail has been incorrectly rendered. In this case, does the image appear normal if you open it in Preview. If you save the file in the same location, will the thumbnail appear normal when you exit Preview?