Can you receive calls when your phone is off?

No it will not. Missed calls are: when a call is diverted to your device and you do not answer. If your device is off then the caller gets to know that your mobile was switched off

Some mobile operators (Carriers) in India will notify you through SMS of missed calls, when the mobile reconnects to their towers, while it was off.

It would let you know if you have a voicemail after it connects to the network, but I don't believe you will get a missed call notification. When the phone is off, it is off, and will not get any other information.