Files on a USB stick visible on Windows but invisible (corrupted) on mac

Hi,

I have a very interesting mystery which I would like to uncover.

I have an USB stick formatted to FAT32 (most probably formatted on windows). There are several microsoft word documents there which were created on windows, then edited on mac, and then again edited on windows. After final edit on windows, files does not appear anymore on the mac.

Important: The files are not hidden, as it can be seen in the screenshot, there is one `.hidden` file, but not the others

There is an open source command line tool, that will show the files (testdisk: https://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk_Download)

Using this tool I can see the files:

I can also copy the files using the testdisk tool and paste them somewhere and the files would be visible again on mac.

I have tried to use `ls` command line tool, and it shows the same output as mac. Tried another tool `exa` which is a replacement for `ls` written in rust, and got this interesting output:

Somehow `exa` tool could see there there are such files, but could not read the file.

Can anyone help solve this mystery?

Best,

Ion