Numbers, no. An AppleScript written to use the information in a Numbers table could do it, if someone chose to write such a script. There are file utilities dedicated to renaming files and performing other operations on files. I have used Better Rename for years. One ability it has is renaming files based on the information in a tab separated text file. I tried the feature out today and it works as advertised. I don't know what the app costs but there is a free trial download if you go to their website. I am sure there are a wide range of other file renaming apps available if that one does not suit you.
If you do go this route, you can create a tab separated text file by exporting your Numbers file to CSV, opening that CSV in TextEdit, and replacing the commas with tabs (use Option Tab to create a tab character in the "replace" field), assuming there are no other commas other than the ones separating the fields. I can help run you through the rest of it if the app's help files don't explain it well enough. As always, make a backup of your files first, just in case something goes wrong.