vi/vim/neovim is a very capable text editor. It’ll do syntax highlighting and other features. If you’re into edit-compile-link-debug loop, it works well.
BBEdit is an exceedingly capable text editor native to macOS.
Xcode does very well for Objective C and Swift, as well as C, C++, and Swift Playgrounds for Swift work. Apple mostly targets Swift and Objective C, with some AppleScript and JavaScript and bash/zsh or such. If you’re writing code for native tools, Xcode and Playgrounds are the usual choice, and Apple is emphasizing Swift. And Swift Playgrounds is deceptively capable. Apple has been moving away from including scripting languages, leaving apps to bundle what they need.
Jetbrains has a bunch of well-regarded IDEs available for various languages.
Panic Nova is a text editor that supports a whole pile of programming languages.
I’m less fond of Eclipse, NetBeans, and similar, as I’ve found them very heavy. Haven’t looked in a while, maybe that’s better? Apps using electron and node.js twnd to be fairly resource-intensive, too.
Visual Studio Code was awkward for what I was working with, but that’s probably more on the project than the editor.
If you’re working on macOS, zsh is another language that will be on your list. That’s the current command line, replacing bashfor new installs.
HTML/HTML5, and JavaScript/ECMAScript, and Java are the same everywhere.
Web-based GUIs (godbolt or otherwise) have a long way to go.
That list of languages mentioned in your reply is probably a decade of effort to learn reasonably, particularly if you include learning several IDE or text editors along the way, and the inevitable language updates. I’ve been learning vim for decades.
