Before proceeding further, you could boot into safe mode, then reboot and boot into recovery and run Disk Utility to repair all drives, after choosing "view all devices" so you can repair first at the lowest level and proceed in turn up to the device (physical drive) level. Safe mode also performs a disk repair but one cannot see the results, while doing it in recovery one can see the error messages, if any.
Do you have any anti-virus, "cleanup" software, security tools, or internet traffic monitors installed? These should all be removed completely, preferably with vendor-provided uninstallers. These can interfere with MacOS upgrades.
Finally, you can also try to install the upgrade from safe mode.
An absolute LAST REORT (which I once did successfully on my daughter's Mac that had this problem, I have no idea what she had installed on that Mac previously) would be to make two verified backups of all your files, then erase/reformat and install a new MacOS, then create one admin user (different name from any of your existing users) and from that user, update to 12.2.1 Monterey. This will work unless your Mac has a hardware problem. Then migrate from the backup, user accounts and files/folders but NO applications, NO settings, only user files/folders. Then reinstall software anew, being careful to use the most current versions and only ones that are Monterey compatible.
Side question: before you embark on any of the above, I have to ask: does your Mac have a non-Apple internal drive? If it does, Monterey installs may all fail because an Apple drive is required for the firmware update that comes with Monterey. If your Apple drive was replaced along the way with a non-Apple one, the remedy is to temporarily put in an Apple drive, upgrade to Monterey, then put back your non-Apple SSD and perform the upgrade to Monterey on that drive. This might be best handled by an Apple-Authorized repair shop.