I have had this problem for months: this morning for instance I was searching for "hand" because that's part of the name of the file and there aren't that many files/folders with this specific file name (for way too many reasons to go into, my hundreds of file names have to contain extra info that makes an alphabetic sort useless). When it's searching the entire mac, it comes up with hundreds of files with this word, including way down the list some of the ones I'm searching for; but when I switch to search only the current folder, I get nothing no matter how long I wait (I've gone away and come back 15 minutes later and it's still empty). I've never had this problem before but the search has been like this... maybe all year. I've put up with it because it's more an inconvenience than anything but an inconvenience that happens multiple times a day is sort of more than an inconvenience.
Not sure if it's part of the problem but these files are on an external Seagate drive. Permissions, as far as I can see, appear to be as they have been since I got the drive earlier this year; I tried using "Apply to Enclosed Items" and it has not made a difference..
Mac OS Ventura 13.0.1 also on a Macbook Pro 2017.