After Crash: Visual Glitches and More Crashes

Experiencing a very odd change in my 2019 16" Macbook Pro that started a few hours ago. I was using my laptop with an external display connected which I have used almost every day for years. Here's what happened:

TL;DR: Computer crashed and when it was booted again it glitches and freezes when an external display is plugged in with multiple devices, dongles, and cables – even after SMC reset however it acts normal with the external display plugged in while in Safe Mode. Now it also has problems in regular boot without any displays plugged in even after I reinstalled the OS.

More details:

I was editing in Adobe Lightroom Classic with Photoshop in the background. I went to click something and accidentally opened a slew of minimized Safari windows and completely locked up the computer. It crashed. This machine rarely crashes so I was surprised. I turned it back on and it didn't boot normally. At first the external monitor turned a solid yellow. Then it went black and the laptop screen turned a solid yellow. It got stuck there for a while. Then a small glitch appeared in the upper right corner of the laptop screen. Many other visual glitches occurred (red boxes scattered all over the screen, single pixel black dots scattered across the screen, checkerboard patterns, random areas blacked out etc.) Additionally it was very slow or unresponsive especially upon first boot when it attempted to open all the previous programs. I turned that option off and restarted without any programs being restored from the previous session.

Restarting didn't help but when I unplugged the monitor before booting, the computer was fine. 

I was concerned that the monitor or dongle or cable was broken somehow from the initial crash but I went to connect to my projector that uses a different cable and different dongle, it froze the laptop screen completely. Even when I unplugged the projector from the laptop, the laptop remained frozen and a red glitch appeared across the menubar.

I reset the SMC and that didn't change the behavior with either external device. 

Safe Mode worked with and without the display plugged in.

I then reinstalled the OS thinking it might have been an OS issue. After that process concluded I started up the laptop in normal boot mode and did not plug in the external monitor. I opened up Lightroom Classic and it started to glitch and freeze again:

I ran diagnostics and it came back normal.

So after all the troubleshooting and an OS reinstall, the laptop isn't working properly WITHOUT the external displays plugged in. It seems like something was damaged in the initial crash but I do not know what.

Any idea of what is going on or what I can test to isolate the issue?