Hello,
If this occurred and you took no steps to prevent further intrusions it would be very easy for someone with your stolen iPhone and its passcode to access your iCloud data. This is especially true if you already had your Apple ID authenticated in the iPhone and iCloud features enabled.
Since this sounds hypothetical I want to start with a prevention link.
Security and your Apple ID - Apple Support
If your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch is lost or stolen - Apple Support
Step Two: "Mark as Lost
When you mark your device as lost, you remotely lock it with a passcode, keeping your information secure. This also disables Apple Pay on the missing device. And you can display a custom message with your contact information on the missing device.
Mark your device as lost"
If you did not have Find My set up this link is more helpful.
If Find My iPhone or Find My iPad isn't enabled on your missing device - Apple Support
Step One: "Change your Apple ID password
If you use more than one Apple ID, you should change the password for each Apple ID that you have.
Change your Apple ID password."
Step Five: "Remove your missing device from your list of trusted devices
Go to appleid.apple.com to remove the missing device from your list of trusted devices"
If you think your Apple ID has been compromised - Apple Support
I hope this is helpful.