Does Epson Perfection 4990 photo need an update

The VueScan solution allows you to use this scanner without Apple or Epson software/drivers. That is future proofing. Likely with even more featured support. You can trial the software, probably with fewer features than a purchased version, but certainly will give you an idea of its abilities. The online VueScan manual.

I have owned VueScan Professional since 2010 without paying any upgrade fee, or receiving any compensation from the vendor in mentioning their product here.

Hi,

You will find drivers here:

https://epson.com/Support/Scanners/Perfection-Series/Epson-Perfection-4990-Photo/s/SPT_B11B175012?review-filter=macOS+12.x

It looks like the scanner is using Apple's Image Capture.

If necessary, there is also a (paid) third-party driver:

https://www.hamrick.com/vuescan/epson_perfection_4990.html#technical-information