***FIX FOR ICLOUD PASSWORDS CHROME EXTENSION WINDOWS***
Its absolutely outrageous how incompitent apple support reps and "independent advisors" are on these support pages.
I have been having this exact same issue and have gone through the plethera of troubleshooting steps with no success, except until tonight. I had found a different support topic that was an unrelated issue but was still an "icloud for windows" issue and decided to try the fix on there which ended up fixing this stupid coding flaw.
THE FIX:
What i did to fix this exact problem was going to "C:\Program Files" and then finding the "WindowsApps" folder. On the windows apps folder, right click, go to properties, go to security, edit permisions.
Once in the edit permisions tab, completely remove the LOGGED ON user permision. There will be 2 different ones, one of them will be labeled as "USERS", the other one that you will need delete/remove is labeled as "Your Name (Your MS Acount Email)"
EXAMPLE: John D (*** Email address is removed for privacy ***)
Once the permision is removed, try to open the WindowsApps folder and it should pop up with an error saying you dont have permision to view the folder. After that, uninstall icloud for windows app and reinstall and the extension should work perfectly after that. Reference Screenshots are below:
NOTE: Reference pictures show properties for a new folder just because i didnt want to cause issues by redoing everything.