Well, calling back to Tech Support turned out to be a complete waste of time; if the Network Reset didn’t work there is nothing else they can do for me. I wish the tech I spoke to yesterday had told me that!
I did get the following information though, which is very helpful:
The data usage of the hotspot is not recorded by the device and sent to the carrier, the amount is determined by the carrier and sent to the device.
This would seem to be why the hotspot is able to be used by the “other devices” even while turned off. Because the carrier is saying it’s active when it isn’t, and telling the device that the amount has been used.
I called my carrier and they repeatedly tried to get me to upgrade my plan. I made no progress until I said the following:
“I am poor. I cannot upgrade my plan. Even if I could, I wouldn’t. You don’t offer a 60GB a month plan, so all my data would be gone anyways. I have done everything except a factory reset on my device. The manufacturer is positive the issue is not with my device. I have no other devices. I have reset the password repeatedly. The data is being used while my hotspot is turned off. This is a physical impossibility.”
They agreed I was correct that this wasn’t possible. They said they saw no error on their end, but would reset the network connection to my device.
I was instructed to power off the device and remove the SIM card, then wait 15 minutes for them to troubleshoot and reset my connection.
It has been an hour and a half, and so far no “other devices” have started pulling data. If that changes, I’ll be back to post again. If there is nothing further, then it worked!
Here’s some relevant info, in case it’s useful:
Device: iPhone 12 mini
Network: Mint Mobile (recently purchased by T-Mobile)
Plan Level: Cheapest available (5GB per month)
TLDR: The carrier is telling the phone you're using hotspot (even while off). Call your carrier and make them reset your Network Connection from their end.