We manage our devices via Intune, however I don't think Intune is at fault. I've read some other posts where users with large numbers of contacts are seeing duplication happening. When duplication happens with large numbers of contacts, battery drain occurs, contact searching fails and WhatsApp calling also fails.
We sync around 4k contacts to the device via the outlook app. Microsoft have an article around duplication and that Apple needs to provide better sync capabilities as (even before recent updates) duplication can occur.
As I understand it, Apple created some contact issues in 17.1 (we didn't see any issues), but resolved these in 17.2 (when we started to see duplication issues, battery drain etc.....).
If you delete contacts and turn off sync, issues go away. This isn't a good solution though as WhatsApp then cannot find contacts to call etc.... WhatsApp cannot discover contacts via outlook unfortunately.
I see someone write about restriction policies in this post, but have not tried that yet. Also, not tried siri services disabling for contacts. Something I will test, however these restrictions are probably not something we want to change.
Overall, duplication of contacts seems to be causing lots of issues. The contacts app appears to be very inefficient, especially since recent updates. I suspect contacts app is consuming lots of resources on the device, certainly noticeable when deleting and recreating contwxts, as the device gets quite hot.
One other thing I need to test is to recreate contacts via outlook, export these contacts from the contacts app, delete all contacts and disable any syncs, finally import the exported contacts. Not ideal, but if sync is causing all the issues with it, it will at least give users a point in time contacts list that will not update automatically.
Quick edit - worthwhile checking how many contacts you have in the contacts app. If it is unreasonably large and increasing, you probably are experiencing what we are seeing. Also, check the amount of storage the contacts app is using, perhaps how match battery it is using too.