I found a solution. I had the same problem as I damaged my iPhone and it needed to be replaced with a new unit. The Apple Store did the back-up, however, they didn't pull in the verification pieces. I happen to work for an IT company that has Apple lovers. They said if you ever have to replace your phone, ask them to do a full back-up including verification programs. Most of the technicians won't know to do this, so it might take a more senior person at the store to help.
What I did was deleted the G-mail and Chrome app from my phone. Reinstalled only the G-mail app. It had me login, and then started with the MFA "is this you" that's sent to your account. There is a button that say "don't ask me this again" and a link for "try another way". When you click on that you get a message that says you can't use your phone as there's a better way. However, there's another link at the bottom that states "try another way". This then opened a third authentication option utilizing your text feature. Once I entered my phone number and entered the code, I was let in.
I was not able to resolve this issue on my computer, it only worked on my phone. If you do this on your computer, it then sends you to an option to have a recovery e-mail sent to an unregistered e-mail that they need to verify which takes 48-hours. At that point, you have to confirm your identity information with your driver's license and prior details for your Google account.
One of my biggest errors was that I was in a loop with my alternate e-mail account as it required a verification using my G-mail account. My group here said that you need to have your alternate e-mail account only be an account you can access like your work account or utilizing a third party MFA such as Authy or Authenticator. Otherwise, you will be in a constant loop.
I hope this helps.
