After every update the device goes through its post-update regimen. This occurs while your normal usage continues so there is additional "usage" occurring, just not by the user. Understanding this can help reduce the impact during this timeframe.
There is a pattern: Immediately after an update, a subset of users mention battery life issues. A large portion of those users also notice that the battery life gets better usually between 1 to 3 days afterwards with no changes made. Why is that? The additional usage completes and things go back to normal.
I notice this sometimes as well but I mitigate it by installing the update during a time where I don't need the phone for around 30 mins, usually at work. I plug the device in, finish the install, then update applications from the App Store. I keep the device plugged in for sometime after that to allow any syncing to occur, and for the file indexing done after updates to complete. There is no visual indicator of this happening and no progress meter, I just let it stay on the charger for a few hours and overnight for good measure.
Doing this typically avoids or resolves any issues with excessive battery drain after an update, unless there is in fact, a bug that causes battery drain but it has been a long time and many phones ago that I actually had that happen.