I have been struggling with this issue for 4 days and watching this and other threads for a resolution. My phone was mostly unusable.
* iMessages just gave me a white screen.
* Settings, then Messages hung until I killed the app.
* Settings, Mobile Network, did the same.
* Most other apps which presented any kind of text input box also hung including Google Maps, Slack, Teams, even the iOS home screen search function crashed.
* Safari seemed to work (so I could use Google Maps via the web just not the app).
* I couldn't receive calls. Callers just got my voicemail.
I was traveling over this entire time and getting my tickets out of Apple Wallet was hit and miss as the phone frequently crashed. WhatsApp worked but I didn't get any message notifications. Even the alarm on the phone didn't work!
Upon returning home, I decided to reset the phone and restore from iCloud backup. This was also problematic as Settings, General, Reset iPhone hung, as did signing out of iCloud.
The fix for me was to put the phone in recovery mode and use Finder on my MacBook to force reinstall iOS 17.5.1 via the update iOS option. After that, I followed the normal setup procedure and restored from iCloud. My phone is now working as normal.