If you have Stolen Device Protection set to “Away from Familiar Locations”, when you try to turn it off, keep tapping Try Again until you are prompted with entering your passcode, thus turning Stolen Device Protection off.
If you have Stolen Device Protection set to “Always”, open iCloud.com/find and log in with your Apple Account, then select your iPhone from your list of devices, then select “Remove from Account.” That will turn off Find My and the Activation Lock, and alongside Stolen Device Protection, which is tied to that.
You can then turn Find My back on and Stolen Device Protection will stay off. Keep in mind there may be a 1 hour security delay for both.