I know it sounds crazy but have you tried toggling off, then back on: Settings > Cellular > Cellular Data > Off
It's been a while but there have absolutely been situations with previous iOS versions where I found that the indication for a specific setting did not reflect the actual state of the feature. Almost like the setting key didn't didn't exist until toggled once. I know this is a long shot but is easy enough to try. I personally would disable that global Cellular Data setting, disable Cellular Data for a few of the specific apps, change to AirPlane mode, power off and then on the iPhone, and then re-enable Cellular Data globally and for each of the apps.