There is no Numbers' equivalent to Excel's model of defining a print range. If Apple hasn't added it in 20 years of Numbers' development, I can't see much hope in them adding it now.
Ultimately, Excel's print range 'feature' was designed to overcome the inherent problem of having one monolithic sheet and you having no option but to print a subset of the sheet because few people wanted the entire 4 million cells to be printed every time (every Excel sheet was this size and literally no one wanted to print that at once).
Instead Numbers' approach (and Excel too, now) is to divide your spreadsheet into multiple discrete tables and/or sheets, and use that as the delimiter of what to print.
So if you want a subset of your data to be printed, the easiest path is to create a separate table (or sheet) which extracts the relevant data from your main data table. An alternative is to filter the main table to show the data you want.
If the data you want is in a single, contiguous block, an easier solution that using Preview would be to just use Numbers' Edit -> Copy Snapshot and paste that into a new table. Copy Snapshot copies the current selection's values, so when you paste it's just the results, so there aren't any issues of references linking back to different areas of the source.
At the end of the day, one of these options are going to be your path forwards. Apple aren't going to add a 'print range' feature that was only designed to overcome an inherent limitation that has since been addressed in other ways.
