OK, I had same error (no code) that said my iPhone could not connect to iTunes, no response from device, etc. I was able to get around it last night.🙂
Background is that I had not sync'd my phone to my Dell Windows 7 laptop since early December. I had also done iOS upgrade, and am current rev (7.0.6)
Also my iTunes at rev 11.1.5.5
First thing I tried was rolling back my iTunes version to when I knew it worked, no help
The shut down my anti virus, no help.
Went to control panel\system\device manager and tried to re-install iPhone driver. It said the driver was current, and took no action (I think this is related).
This is where I regret being hasty. I used task manager to shut down iTunesHelper.exe, and AppleMobileDeviceHelper.exe*32.
After closing these two, I restarted iTunes and reconnected my iPhone, and it worked. One thing interesting I noticed. After using task manager toshut down the 2 running Apple related executables, when I plugged my phone back in, it reinstalled the iPhone driver. This leads me to belive that my driver was corrupted, but the running programs didn't recognize the need to reinstall the driver because it was looking for a rev, not a corruption.. Next time, I would shut the exe's down one at a time and re-open iTunes, reconnect phone after each to see what happens.
I know this may not be the end all, be all, but maybe it will give you somewhere to start. If it happens to mine again, I'll redo thisone step at a time and repost.