Same issue here but I have a workaround.
To install iOS 7 i was prompted to free up 3.5GB space so I wiped my 4S using 'Delete all data and settings' then set it back up as a new iPhone 4S and ran the update which completed fine.
All Apps sync fine.
Selected Photo folders sync fine.
No Music will sync (or that's what I thought)
On the 'Summary' tab I unticked everything in the 'Options' section
I then went to the 'Music' tab and clicked on 'Selected playlists' then selected a small playlist with 100 tracks and info flashed past quickly, (I noticed one bit of info that said, 'determining tracks to sync') but it got past the 'Waiting for changes to be applied' and the music synced.
I then added a playlist with 2500 songs and it appeared stuck at, 'Waiting for chages to be applied' for about 3-4 minutes but then suddenly started to sync so I think the issue is more that iOS 7, (or iTunes 11.1.0.126) is reading info from each individual file and only starting the sync once this has completed.
So try syncing playlists back in increasing size, (I have 54GB music on my 4S) then be prepared to just leave it for several hours for the rest of your music to sync.