BradHS, if there are specific instructions for setting up Exchange, why isn't Apple publishing them, since whatever the setup might be it is different to what worked for Mountain Lion and previous OS versions? All these issues started the minute I/we upgraded to Mavericks. Exchange setup wasn't touched.
I installed 10.9.2 and see no difference. Nor do the release notes suggest any as it relates to Exchange. Closest comment is: 'Resolves an issue that prevented Mail from receiving new messages from certain providers'. No mention of Exchange whatseover. 'Certain providers' is surely not a common way to describe Exchange. No mention of Exchange issue resolution in 10.9.1 or 2 release notes or pre-release notes either based on screen shots I have seen.
If Apple was simply trying to save on space in their release notes, there are nearly 89,000 views of this discussion alone on the subject, one of two dozen such discussions on this forum when I last counted, so it would suprise me that if they fixed the issue they would be so shy to mention it. Especially since it affects corporate users, some very large.
I have, personally, two iOS 7 devices and one OS X 10 connected to our Exchange Sever 2007 SP3.
The iOS devices are perfectly synchronous in every way: inbound email, outbound email, deleted email, etc. Always have been. So was Mail prior to Mavericks though our sys admin had to create workarounds to achieve this, evidently.
With Mail set to 'check for email automatically':
Inbound messages in OS X Mail are delayed in what appears to be a random fashion: anywhere from a minute or two to twenty minutes plus. Unless one closes and reopens Mail. The time stamp is always the same as for iOS, so presumably set by Exchange. So a message time stamped '2:40pm' actually arrives in Mail at 2:42pm or 2:55pm or whenever. Same in 10.9.2 as 10.9.1 and 10.9.
With Mail set to 'Check for email every minute':
Inbound messages arrive within a minute.
And if that was all, I could live with the problem until Apple finally gets around to fixing it.
But when you delete an email in Mail:
On iOS 7, it generally won't delete in OS X 10.9, for maybe 10-20 minutes, or won't at all, until you click on it, at which point it dissapears instantly.
On OS X 10.9 it might quickly delete in iOS 7, or after an extended period or not at all (i.e longer than I have tested). And if you try to manually delete in iOS it indicates 'Can't move to trash', or words to that effect.
I have been going through these functions all afternoon with a stopwatch. My head is aching, my eyes are blurry and I can't get beyond what seems like pretty random behavior.
I need to go back to running my company and our sys admin has little appetite for matters Apple at this point though they will do what they have to to keep their Apple loving CEO happy!